Reported speech (Direct-indirect)

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.	She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.	She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today	+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."	She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:-

At work	At home
"How long have you worked here?"	She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example:

Me	You
"I teach English online."	She said she teaches English online.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.
We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
!Note - Here me is the object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.

He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.
For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party. 

 Source : http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.htm 

 
examples from me :

• Simple Present = Simple Past

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Susan told me"i go to school everyday".	Susan told me that she went to school everyday.

• Simple Past = Past Perfect

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Susan told me"i went to Malang yesterday".	Susan told me that she had gone to Malang the previous day.

• Future = Future Past

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Susan told me"i shall go to Malang tomorrow".	Susan told me that she would go to Malang the following day.

• Present Continuous = Simple Past

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Susan told me"i am eating Bakso now".	Susan told me that she was eating bakso then.

• Future Past = Future Past Perfect

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Susan told me"i should go there if i were you.	Susan told me that she would have gone there if she had been me.

UNIT 10 ( Some Economic Laws )

Basic human needs are simple, but every individual has additional personal wants which may be very complex. these complex personal wants are satisfied in different ways by different things. a car, a bottle of whisky and a newspaper satisfy very different wants and the whisky is not a close subtitute for the car. this special characteristic of satisfying a want is known in economics as its "utility". Utility is not the same as usefulness. a submarine, for example, may or may not be useful in peacetime, but it satisfies a want. many nations want submarines. economists describe this kind of utility as "the relationship between a consumer and a commodity".
Utility varies between different people and between different nations.a vegetarian does not want meat,but may rate bananas very highly. A mountain-republic like switzerland has little interest in submarines, while maritime nations rate them highly. utility also varies with time. in time of war, the utility of bombs is high and that of pianos is low utility is therefore related to our sense of priorities. The utility of a commodity is also related to the quantity available to the consumer. if men buy a large quantity of paper, they will lose interest in buying more paper. The demand for paper will go down. The utility of a commodity consequently decreases as the consumers stock increases.

translation :

Beberapa Hukum Ekonomi

   Kebutuhan dasar manusia itu sederhana, namun setiap individu memiliki keinginan  pribadi tambahan yang mungkin sangat kompleks. Keinginan pribadi yang kompleks ini memiliki kepuasan dengan cara yang berbeda dan dengan hal yang berbeda pula. keinginan akan sebuah mobil, sebotol wiski dan surat kabar merupakan keinginan yang berbeda-beda.dan wiski bukan merupakan substitusi yang tepat untuk mobil. Karakteristik khusus dari kepuasan ini dikenal di bidang ekonomi sebagai "utilitas". Utilitas ini tidak sama dengan kegunaan. kapal selam, misalnya, mungkin atau mungkin tidak berguna di masa damai, tetapi memenuhi sebuah keinginan. banyak negara ingin kapal selam. ekonom menggambarkan jenis utilitas sebagai "hubungan antara konsumen dan komoditas".
   Utilitas antara orang yang berbeda dan antara negara memiliki variasi.seorang vegetarian tidak ingin daging, tetapi tingkat keinginan/ permintaan akan pisang mungkin sangat tinggi. Sebuah republik yang memiliki pegunungan seperti Swiss memiliki sedikit minat akan kapal selam, sementara negara-negara maritim memiliki minat yang sangat tinggi. utilitas juga bervariasi dengan waktu. pada saat perang, utilitas bom tinggi dan utilitas akan piano rendah. Hal tersebut berhubungan dengan rasa prioritas. Utilitas dari komoditi ini juga terkait dengan kuantitas yang tersedia untuk konsumen. jika orang-orang membeli kertas dalam jumlah besar, mereka akan kehilangan minat untuk membeli kertas. Permintaan kertas akan turun. Sehingga kegunaan komoditi menurun dengan meningkatnya saham konsumen.

we fear rejection,want attention, crave affection, dream of perfection..

disconnected (-__-")

Saya merasa sangat konyol sekali hari inidan merasa sangat Lemot >;-S
ceritanya hari ini salah satu temen saya yang biasa saya panggil "abang rian" pergi ke BABEL untuk melaksanakan tugas provinsinya dia sebagai atlit catur (selamat yaa bang , bikin kami bangga :D )
Nah,otomatis ada suirat izin .. dan surat izinnya itu untuk dekan .
siang ini saya mondar-mandir sama shita buat nyari ruang dekanat ..
bolak-balik ke sekdos,
nanya sana-sini ..eh setelah ketemu ruang dekanat ,baru inget kalo hari ini wisuda!! ada WISUDA !!
mau ampe malem nyariin juga gak bakalan ada , stupid lara

trough the rain :D

 
kehidupan gak selamanya cerah
walau kehujanan, sekali-sekali ayo coba nikmati hujan 
berjalan tanpa payung dan bersenandung .. 
dan saat tidak bisa berjalan lagi karena beban yang terasa berat .. 
aku tahu , bahwa pasti ada payung yang akan melindungiku disini ..

(dikutip dari komik : Under the Rain , Keiko Honda)

kehidupan gak selamanya cerah .. 

 iya,di dalam kehidupan kita  itu gak selamanya manis.. selalu ada pahit .. gak selamanya kita dapet yang bagus-bagus sesuai harapan kita ,ada saatnya kita mendapatkan cobaan dan ujian yang bisa bikin kita frustasi dan bukan gak mungkin membuat kita menyerah .

walau kehujanan, sekali-sekali ayo coba nikmati hujan 

berjalan tanpa payung dan bersenandung .. 

kadang,saat kita mendapat masalah, manusia cenderung menghindari masalah..dan mungkin malah berlari menjauhi "masalah"..meskipun kita banyak masalah , coba kita pandang masalah itu dari segi positif .. karena sebenarnya dengan adanya masalah tersebut siapa tau bisa menjadi pembelajaran untuk diri kita . masalah bukan untuk dihindari melainkan untuk dihadapi .. Face the truth !!

dan saat tidak bisa berjalan lagi karena beban yang terasa berat .. 

aku tahu , bahwa pasti ada payung yang akan melindungiku disini ..

jangan ragu buat share sama temen guys..

minta saran dan pendapat mereka dalam masalah- masalah kamu..

itu kan gunanya temen :D

selalu berbagi suka ,duka,susah,senang bersama ..

karena dengan adanya teman,semua akan terasa mudah ..

theworldismyhappyplace

really need a shoulder to cry on :"(